Work study
Introduction
It is a collection of techniques required to perform the organized analysis of all the factors that affect the efficiency and effectiveness of methods being used. The main objectives of work study are to improve the productivity and quality of a product economically. Work study was known as “time and motion study” previously.
The two techniques involved in a work study are method study and work measurement. Method study is the process of determining the most effective method of performing a job, logical layout o manufacturing facilities, smooth movement of workmen and materials in the plant and the right placement of inspection to ensure that processing of job is on time and at an economical cost. In similar way, work measurement is the process of determining the time required by the workmen to complete a specific work at a specified time.
Work study
It is defined as a management service based on those techniques, particularly method study and work measurement, which are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts and which lead to the systematic investigation of all the resources and factors which effect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to improvement.”
if u want a diagram of work study then mail me himanshu143goel@gmail.com
Objectives of work study
1. To analyse the present method of doing a job, systematically in order to develop a new and better method.
2. To measure the work content of a job by measuring the time required to do the job for a qualified worker and hence to establish standard time.
3. To increase the productivity by ensuring the best possible use of human, machine and material resources and to achieve best quality product/service at minimum possible cost.
4. To improve operational efficiently.
Benefits of work study
o Increased productivity and operational efficiency.
o Reduced manufacturing cost.
o Improved work place layout.
o Better manpower planning and capacity planning.
o Fair wages to employees.
o Better working conditions to employees.
o Improved work flow.
o Reduced material handling costs.
o Better industrial relations and employee morale.
o Basis for sound incentive schemes.
o Provide job satisfaction to employees.
Basic work study procedure
There are 8 basic steps involved in a work study procedure. Some of them are common of both method study and work measurement. These steps are;
1. Select: - Select the job or the process or the operation to be studied.
2. Record: - Record all relevant facts about the job or process or operation using suitable charting techniques such as operation process chart, flow process chart, flow diagram, SIMO chart (simultaneous motion chart) and man-machine chart.
3. Examine: - Examine critically all the recorded facts, questioning the purpose, place, sequence, person and the means of doing the job/ process/operation.
4. Develop: - Develop the new method for the job/process/operation.
5. Measure: - Measure the work content and establish the standard time using an appropriate work measurement technique, viz. time study using stop watch, synthesis method, analytical estimating method, pre-determined motion time system and work sampling.
6. Define: - Define the new method for the job/process/operation.
7. Install: - Install the new method as standard practice.
8. Maintain: - Maintain the new method for the job/process/operation.
Method study
Work methods analysis or method study is a scientific technique of observing, recording and critically examining the present method of performing a task or job or operation with the aim of improving the present method and developing a new and cheaper method. It is also known as methods improvement or work improvement. It encompasses the study of work processes, working conditions and equipments and tools used to carry out they job. Method study may be understood as the systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed way of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and producing costs.
Objectives of method study
1. To improve the processes and procedures involved in the production.
2. To identify the proper sequence of production operations.
3. To reduce the idle time of the operator to optimize the utilization of human resources.
4. To choose right tools to enhance the tool life and therefore reduce the tool cost per unit of production.
5. To arrange regular examination in production stages to reduce defects in them and maximize quality assurance costs.
6. To standardize work methods or process, working conditions, machinery, equipments and tools.
7. To allocate human effort economically and to avoid additional expenses.
8. Higher standard of safety, security and health.
9. To improve the working environment.
Steps, procedure, process or mechanism method study;
Method study is a systematic approach to determine the most appropriate method for manufacturing a product. Following are the basic procedures involved in method study;
Selection of jobs
Recording of facts
Critical examination
Development and selection
Installation
Maintenance
if u want a diagram of work study then mail me himanshu143goel@gmail.com
Sequence of procedure in method study
1. Select: - Select the work or job to be suited and define the objectives to achieve by method study. The job selected to have maximum economic advantage, shall offer vast scope for work improvement through reduction of excessive materials handling and fatigue of workmen, offer scope for improving the working conditions and improving the utilization of resources.
2. Record: - Record all the relevant facts or information pertaining to the existing method using the recording techniques such as-
(a) Process charts: -
o Outline process chart.
o Operation process chart.
o Man- machine chart.
o Two handed process chart.
o Multiple activity chart.
o Simultaneous motion chart.
o Film analysis chart.
(b) Diagram analysis: -
o Flow diagram
o String diagram
o Cycle graph
o Chromo cycle graph
3. Examine: - Examine the record facts critically, challenging everything being done and seeking alternatives, questioning the purpose (what is achieved?), the means (how is it achieved?), sequence (when is it achieved?), place (where is it achieved?), and the person (who achieve it?).
4. Develop: - Develop the improved method by generating several alternatives and selecting the best method. The factors to be considered while evaluating alternatives and selecting the best method are: -
o Cost of implementation
o Expected savings in time and cost.
o Feasibility.
o Acceptance to design, production planning and control, quality control, production and sales department.
o Reaction of employees to the new method.
o Short term implication of the alternatives.
5. Install: - Install the improved (new) method in three phases- planning, arranging and implementing phases. In the first to phase, the programme of installation and a schedule (i.e. time table) are planned and necessary requirements such as resources, equipments, tolls, operating instructions to workers are provided. The implementation phase involves the introduction of the developed method as standard practice to achieve the desired results.
6. Maintain: - Maintain the new method by ensuring that the installed method is functioning well. This is done by periodic checks and verification at regular intervals. Proper control procedures are used to ensure that the new method is practiced to achieve the benefits of methods study and also to achieve higher productivity.
Advantages of work study
1. Work simplification.
2. Improved working method
3. Better product quality.
4. Improved work place layout.
5. Improved equipment design.
6. Better working conditions/environment.
7. Improved work flow.
8. Better material handling.
Factors facilitating method study
o High operation cost.
o High wastage and scrap.
o Excessive movement of material and workmen
o Excessive production bottlenecks.
o Excessive rejections and rework.
o Complaints about quality.
o Complaint about poor working conditions.
o Excessive use of overtime.
Work measurement
The process of determining the time taken by an employee to complete a particular task is known as the work measurement. Various methods that help measure the work performed by the employees include time study, work sampling, synthetic data and predetermined motion and time study (PMTS). Of these methods, time study and work sampling involve direct observations whereas synthetic data and PMTS are data based and analytical in nature.
In other words, work measurement is defined as the application of techniques designed to establish the work content of a specified task by determining the time required for carrying out the task at a defined standard of performance by a qualified worker.
Uses of work measurement
1. Managing
The work measurement data helps the management to calculate the number of employees required for different tasks in an organization. This data also helps the management to determine the requirements of employees and machines in future.
2. Planning
Good and effective plan leads to the success of an organization. A good planning includes the deliveries of products to suppliers at the specified time. The timings calculate with the work measurement help the management to estimate the time when a particular task could be started or the time when it can be completed and delivered.
3. Estimating production cost
It incurred in production and determining the price of the product logically is one of the main factors that help the organization to reach success. Over and other estimation both are very harmful for any organization in terms of competition.
4. Cost reduction and cost control
Work measurement act as an effective tool for labour control and cost control. it allows you to obtain the important information such as unoccupied time and job splitting time to minimize the wastage of time that in turn minimizes the total cost of production.
5. Improving methods
Work measurement act as an effective tool to determine the better methods of manufacturing a product by analyzing the operations involved in each method. The operations related to each method are known as elements.
6. Determining incentives
It helps determine the amount of incentives that should be given to each employee of a company. Giving incentives to the employees based on their performance helps encourage their work and increase the profit of the company.
Objectives of work measurement
1. To uncover various reasons responsible for wastage of labour and machine time through study.
2. To compare the efficiency of all possible alternative methods and determine the best alternatives among them.
3. To equally distribute the workload amongst various employees of the company.
4. To determine the number of machines that an employee can run.
5. To provide the information such as plant and labour requirement about the planning and scheduling of the production.
6. To establish standards of the performance of the employees and utilization of machinery.
7. To suggest measures to control and fix the standard salary of the employees.
8. To maintain standard time for completing a manufacturing task.
Steps in work measurement
1. Break the job into elements.
2. Record the observed time for each element by means of time study, synthesis or analytical estimating method.
3. Establish elemental time values by extending observed time into normal time for each element by applying a rating factor.
4. Assess relaxation allowance for personal needs and physical and mental fatigue involved in carrying out each element.
5. Add the relaxation allowance time to the normal time for each element to arrive at the work content.
6. Determine the frequency of occurrences of each element in the job, multiply the work content of element by its frequency (i.e. number of time the element occurs in the job) and add up the times to arrive at the work content for the job.
7. Add contingency allowance, if any, to arrive at the standard time to do the job.
The above procedure may be explained as follow;
if u want to get a diagram of this then mail me himanshu143goel@gmail.com
Techniques for work measurement
1. Time study
It is an measurement technique for recording times and rates of working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of performance.
2. Synthesis method
It is a technique of work measurement for building up the time required to do a job at a defined level of performance by synthesizing or totaling elemental time values obtained from previous time studies on other jobs containing similar job elements or from standard data or synthesis data.
3. Analytical estimating
It is used to determine the time values for jobs, having long and non-repetitive operations. The time values are determined by using synthetic data or on the basis of past experience of the work study engineer, when no standard data is available.
4. Work sampling or activity sampling or ratio-delay method
It is a W.M. technique that randomly samples the work of one or more employees at periodic intervals to determine the proportion of total operations that is accounted for in one particular activity.
5. Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)
It is a W.M. technique by which normal or basic times are established for basic human motions and these time values are used to build up the time for a job at a defined level of performance.
Introduction
It is a collection of techniques required to perform the organized analysis of all the factors that affect the efficiency and effectiveness of methods being used. The main objectives of work study are to improve the productivity and quality of a product economically. Work study was known as “time and motion study” previously.
The two techniques involved in a work study are method study and work measurement. Method study is the process of determining the most effective method of performing a job, logical layout o manufacturing facilities, smooth movement of workmen and materials in the plant and the right placement of inspection to ensure that processing of job is on time and at an economical cost. In similar way, work measurement is the process of determining the time required by the workmen to complete a specific work at a specified time.
Work study
It is defined as a management service based on those techniques, particularly method study and work measurement, which are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts and which lead to the systematic investigation of all the resources and factors which effect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to improvement.”
if u want a diagram of work study then mail me himanshu143goel@gmail.com
Objectives of work study
1. To analyse the present method of doing a job, systematically in order to develop a new and better method.
2. To measure the work content of a job by measuring the time required to do the job for a qualified worker and hence to establish standard time.
3. To increase the productivity by ensuring the best possible use of human, machine and material resources and to achieve best quality product/service at minimum possible cost.
4. To improve operational efficiently.
Benefits of work study
o Increased productivity and operational efficiency.
o Reduced manufacturing cost.
o Improved work place layout.
o Better manpower planning and capacity planning.
o Fair wages to employees.
o Better working conditions to employees.
o Improved work flow.
o Reduced material handling costs.
o Better industrial relations and employee morale.
o Basis for sound incentive schemes.
o Provide job satisfaction to employees.
Basic work study procedure
There are 8 basic steps involved in a work study procedure. Some of them are common of both method study and work measurement. These steps are;
1. Select: - Select the job or the process or the operation to be studied.
2. Record: - Record all relevant facts about the job or process or operation using suitable charting techniques such as operation process chart, flow process chart, flow diagram, SIMO chart (simultaneous motion chart) and man-machine chart.
3. Examine: - Examine critically all the recorded facts, questioning the purpose, place, sequence, person and the means of doing the job/ process/operation.
4. Develop: - Develop the new method for the job/process/operation.
5. Measure: - Measure the work content and establish the standard time using an appropriate work measurement technique, viz. time study using stop watch, synthesis method, analytical estimating method, pre-determined motion time system and work sampling.
6. Define: - Define the new method for the job/process/operation.
7. Install: - Install the new method as standard practice.
8. Maintain: - Maintain the new method for the job/process/operation.
Method study
Work methods analysis or method study is a scientific technique of observing, recording and critically examining the present method of performing a task or job or operation with the aim of improving the present method and developing a new and cheaper method. It is also known as methods improvement or work improvement. It encompasses the study of work processes, working conditions and equipments and tools used to carry out they job. Method study may be understood as the systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed way of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and producing costs.
Objectives of method study
1. To improve the processes and procedures involved in the production.
2. To identify the proper sequence of production operations.
3. To reduce the idle time of the operator to optimize the utilization of human resources.
4. To choose right tools to enhance the tool life and therefore reduce the tool cost per unit of production.
5. To arrange regular examination in production stages to reduce defects in them and maximize quality assurance costs.
6. To standardize work methods or process, working conditions, machinery, equipments and tools.
7. To allocate human effort economically and to avoid additional expenses.
8. Higher standard of safety, security and health.
9. To improve the working environment.
Steps, procedure, process or mechanism method study;
Method study is a systematic approach to determine the most appropriate method for manufacturing a product. Following are the basic procedures involved in method study;
Selection of jobs
Recording of facts
Critical examination
Development and selection
Installation
Maintenance
if u want a diagram of work study then mail me himanshu143goel@gmail.com
Sequence of procedure in method study
1. Select: - Select the work or job to be suited and define the objectives to achieve by method study. The job selected to have maximum economic advantage, shall offer vast scope for work improvement through reduction of excessive materials handling and fatigue of workmen, offer scope for improving the working conditions and improving the utilization of resources.
2. Record: - Record all the relevant facts or information pertaining to the existing method using the recording techniques such as-
(a) Process charts: -
o Outline process chart.
o Operation process chart.
o Man- machine chart.
o Two handed process chart.
o Multiple activity chart.
o Simultaneous motion chart.
o Film analysis chart.
(b) Diagram analysis: -
o Flow diagram
o String diagram
o Cycle graph
o Chromo cycle graph
3. Examine: - Examine the record facts critically, challenging everything being done and seeking alternatives, questioning the purpose (what is achieved?), the means (how is it achieved?), sequence (when is it achieved?), place (where is it achieved?), and the person (who achieve it?).
4. Develop: - Develop the improved method by generating several alternatives and selecting the best method. The factors to be considered while evaluating alternatives and selecting the best method are: -
o Cost of implementation
o Expected savings in time and cost.
o Feasibility.
o Acceptance to design, production planning and control, quality control, production and sales department.
o Reaction of employees to the new method.
o Short term implication of the alternatives.
5. Install: - Install the improved (new) method in three phases- planning, arranging and implementing phases. In the first to phase, the programme of installation and a schedule (i.e. time table) are planned and necessary requirements such as resources, equipments, tolls, operating instructions to workers are provided. The implementation phase involves the introduction of the developed method as standard practice to achieve the desired results.
6. Maintain: - Maintain the new method by ensuring that the installed method is functioning well. This is done by periodic checks and verification at regular intervals. Proper control procedures are used to ensure that the new method is practiced to achieve the benefits of methods study and also to achieve higher productivity.
Advantages of work study
1. Work simplification.
2. Improved working method
3. Better product quality.
4. Improved work place layout.
5. Improved equipment design.
6. Better working conditions/environment.
7. Improved work flow.
8. Better material handling.
Factors facilitating method study
o High operation cost.
o High wastage and scrap.
o Excessive movement of material and workmen
o Excessive production bottlenecks.
o Excessive rejections and rework.
o Complaints about quality.
o Complaint about poor working conditions.
o Excessive use of overtime.
Work measurement
The process of determining the time taken by an employee to complete a particular task is known as the work measurement. Various methods that help measure the work performed by the employees include time study, work sampling, synthetic data and predetermined motion and time study (PMTS). Of these methods, time study and work sampling involve direct observations whereas synthetic data and PMTS are data based and analytical in nature.
In other words, work measurement is defined as the application of techniques designed to establish the work content of a specified task by determining the time required for carrying out the task at a defined standard of performance by a qualified worker.
Uses of work measurement
1. Managing
The work measurement data helps the management to calculate the number of employees required for different tasks in an organization. This data also helps the management to determine the requirements of employees and machines in future.
2. Planning
Good and effective plan leads to the success of an organization. A good planning includes the deliveries of products to suppliers at the specified time. The timings calculate with the work measurement help the management to estimate the time when a particular task could be started or the time when it can be completed and delivered.
3. Estimating production cost
It incurred in production and determining the price of the product logically is one of the main factors that help the organization to reach success. Over and other estimation both are very harmful for any organization in terms of competition.
4. Cost reduction and cost control
Work measurement act as an effective tool for labour control and cost control. it allows you to obtain the important information such as unoccupied time and job splitting time to minimize the wastage of time that in turn minimizes the total cost of production.
5. Improving methods
Work measurement act as an effective tool to determine the better methods of manufacturing a product by analyzing the operations involved in each method. The operations related to each method are known as elements.
6. Determining incentives
It helps determine the amount of incentives that should be given to each employee of a company. Giving incentives to the employees based on their performance helps encourage their work and increase the profit of the company.
Objectives of work measurement
1. To uncover various reasons responsible for wastage of labour and machine time through study.
2. To compare the efficiency of all possible alternative methods and determine the best alternatives among them.
3. To equally distribute the workload amongst various employees of the company.
4. To determine the number of machines that an employee can run.
5. To provide the information such as plant and labour requirement about the planning and scheduling of the production.
6. To establish standards of the performance of the employees and utilization of machinery.
7. To suggest measures to control and fix the standard salary of the employees.
8. To maintain standard time for completing a manufacturing task.
Steps in work measurement
1. Break the job into elements.
2. Record the observed time for each element by means of time study, synthesis or analytical estimating method.
3. Establish elemental time values by extending observed time into normal time for each element by applying a rating factor.
4. Assess relaxation allowance for personal needs and physical and mental fatigue involved in carrying out each element.
5. Add the relaxation allowance time to the normal time for each element to arrive at the work content.
6. Determine the frequency of occurrences of each element in the job, multiply the work content of element by its frequency (i.e. number of time the element occurs in the job) and add up the times to arrive at the work content for the job.
7. Add contingency allowance, if any, to arrive at the standard time to do the job.
The above procedure may be explained as follow;
if u want to get a diagram of this then mail me himanshu143goel@gmail.com
Techniques for work measurement
1. Time study
It is an measurement technique for recording times and rates of working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of performance.
2. Synthesis method
It is a technique of work measurement for building up the time required to do a job at a defined level of performance by synthesizing or totaling elemental time values obtained from previous time studies on other jobs containing similar job elements or from standard data or synthesis data.
3. Analytical estimating
It is used to determine the time values for jobs, having long and non-repetitive operations. The time values are determined by using synthetic data or on the basis of past experience of the work study engineer, when no standard data is available.
4. Work sampling or activity sampling or ratio-delay method
It is a W.M. technique that randomly samples the work of one or more employees at periodic intervals to determine the proportion of total operations that is accounted for in one particular activity.
5. Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)
It is a W.M. technique by which normal or basic times are established for basic human motions and these time values are used to build up the time for a job at a defined level of performance.
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